
For example, virtual imaging has been used in various applications from head-mounted displays (HMDs) to public theaters, where digital images are displayed as overlapping on real objects.Ī holographic optical element (HOE) is capable of implementing various flexible optical functions on a thin, flat, and transparent film based on wavefront recording and reconstruction. Recently, such technology has been revisited in the context of augmented reality (AR). The perception of cyber-physical fusion using virtual images mainly relies on the imperceptibility of the frame of the display, which is caused by an axial displacement between the image plane and the screen plane. In Pepper’s ghost, a virtual image is displayed on real objects by using a slanted half mirror, which can realize surprising visual experiences like optical illusions. A famous example is Pepper’s ghost, which was invented over 100 years ago. The fusion of optical images and real objects has been an interesting topic in the field of optics and information technology.
